Influenza A pandemics of the 20th century with special reference to 1918: virology, pathology and epidemiology
Identifieur interne : 000155 ( 1957/Analysis ); précédent : 000154; suivant : 000156Influenza A pandemics of the 20th century with special reference to 1918: virology, pathology and epidemiology
Auteurs : J. S. Oxford [Royaume-Uni]Source :
- Reviews in Medical Virology [ 1052-9276 ] ; 2000-03.
English descriptors
- Teeft :
- Action plan, Active layer, American soldier, Antigenic, Antigenic drift, Antigenic variants, Arctic circle, Arctic regions, Army camp, Avian, Avian cells, Avian viruses, Bacterial pneumonia, Bacterial proteases, Bilateral, Bilateral pneumonitis, Biological samples, Cardiac resuscitation attempt, Chronic alcoholism, Chronic diseases, Clinical data, Clinical features, Clinical picture, Copyright, Elderly people, Embryonated hens, Encephalitis, Encephalitis lethargica, Experimental vaccines, Fatal cases, Future pandemic, Genetic structure, Grave opening, Heart failure, High morbidity, Hong kong, Hong kong pandemics, Human sera, Human virus, Human viruses, Infectious virus, Inuit woman, John wiley sons, Lancet, Liver cirrhosis, London hospital, Lterable virus, Lung samples, Mdck cells, Medical microbiology, Medicine dentistry, Mitral stenosis, Nucleotide, Nucleotide sequence, Outbreak, Overall mortality, Oxford table, Pandemic, Pandemic strain, Pandemic virus, Pandemic viruses, Pathology museum samples, Personal communication, Pneumonia, Pneumonitis, Post mortem, Proc natl acad, Protease, Purulent bronchitis, Respiratory disease, Respiratory tissue, Respiratory tract, Royal london school, Spanish lady, Species barrier, Steroid therapy, Subsequent pandemics, Sudden onset, Swine virus, Vaccine, Virol, Virology, Virulence, Virus, Virus pantropic.
Abstract
Influenza A virus initiated worldwide epidemics (pandemics) in 1918, 1957, 1968 and 1977. A revised calculation of the 1918–1919 pandemic estimates that 40 million persons died and 500 million were infected. The mortalities in 1957 and 1968 were nearly 6 million. Biological and genetic characteristics of the causative agents of the more recent pandemics, have been well studied but little is known about the causative agent of the Great Pandemic in 1918. Genetic characterisation of the 1918 virus has been achieved by sourcing virus RNA from formalin fixed lung samples or by exhuming frozen victims of the outbreak from Arctic regions. Initial analysis of the HA gene from two USA sources indicates a virus related to swine and human influenza with no base insertion at the HA1‐HA2 cleavage junction which, at least in avian influenza A, characterises high virulence. Important unanswered questions are whether the 1918 virus spread pantropically perhaps to include the brain and hence cause encephalitis including the later lethargic forms, or whether infection was confined to the respiratory tract. Re‐examination of reports of respiratory disease in England and France in 1916–1917 may indicate a non‐Spanish origin of the pandemic and a period of 2 years for the virus to be seeded worldwide. In contrast the other two pandemic viruses in 1957 and 1968 appeared to originate in Asia. New anti‐neuraminidase drugs in conjunction with amantadine and novel developments with influenza vaccines would be expected to ameliorate the disease in a future pandemic. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Url:
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1654(200003/04)10:2<119::AID-RMV272>3.0.CO;2-O
Affiliations:
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ISTEX:438FC7A33E720EB0F61C9EEF4817BD528865A3BALe document en format XML
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S." last="Oxford">J. S. 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A revised calculation of the 1918–1919 pandemic estimates that 40 million persons died and 500 million were infected. The mortalities in 1957 and 1968 were nearly 6 million. Biological and genetic characteristics of the causative agents of the more recent pandemics, have been well studied but little is known about the causative agent of the Great Pandemic in 1918. Genetic characterisation of the 1918 virus has been achieved by sourcing virus RNA from formalin fixed lung samples or by exhuming frozen victims of the outbreak from Arctic regions. Initial analysis of the HA gene from two USA sources indicates a virus related to swine and human influenza with no base insertion at the HA1‐HA2 cleavage junction which, at least in avian influenza A, characterises high virulence. Important unanswered questions are whether the 1918 virus spread pantropically perhaps to include the brain and hence cause encephalitis including the later lethargic forms, or whether infection was confined to the respiratory tract. Re‐examination of reports of respiratory disease in England and France in 1916–1917 may indicate a non‐Spanish origin of the pandemic and a period of 2 years for the virus to be seeded worldwide. In contrast the other two pandemic viruses in 1957 and 1968 appeared to originate in Asia. New anti‐neuraminidase drugs in conjunction with amantadine and novel developments with influenza vaccines would be expected to ameliorate the disease in a future pandemic. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.</div></front></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Royaume-Uni</li></country><region><li>Angleterre</li><li>Grand Londres</li></region><settlement><li>Londres</li></settlement></list><tree><country name="Royaume-Uni"><region name="Angleterre"><name sortKey="Oxford, J S" sort="Oxford, J S" uniqKey="Oxford J" first="J. S." last="Oxford">J. S. Oxford</name></region><name sortKey="Oxford, J S" sort="Oxford, J S" uniqKey="Oxford J" first="J. S." last="Oxford">J. S. Oxford</name></country></tree></affiliations></record>Pour manipuler ce document sous Unix (Dilib)
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